Definitions of solar cell technology, module specifications, certifications, storage and LONGi product lines. Each entry states what the term means, then how it applies at LONGi, with links to product pages, datasheets and test results.
Also known as: PV cell, photovoltaic cell
A solar cell is a semiconductor device that converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Most commercial cells are made from crystalline silicon wafers, and many cells are wired together to form a solar module.
Also known as: Solar panel, PV module
A photovoltaic (PV) module, or solar panel, is a weatherproof assembly of interconnected solar cells, usually laminated between glass and a polymer backsheet or second glass sheet inside an aluminium frame. Modules are rated by power in watts at standard test conditions.
Monocrystalline silicon is silicon grown as a single continuous crystal and sliced into wafers. It gives higher cell efficiency than multicrystalline silicon and is the dominant material in today's solar modules.
Also known as: N-type wafer, n-type cell
N-type silicon is a silicon wafer doped with an element such as phosphorus so that electrons are the majority charge carriers. N-type cells avoid boron-related light-induced degradation and generally reach higher efficiency than older p-type cells. TOPCon, heterojunction and back contact cells are commonly built on n-type wafers.
At LONGi. LONGi's HPBC 2.0 datasheets list N-type TaiRay wafers.
A wafer is a thin slice of crystalline silicon that serves as the base of a solar cell. Wafer size and quality, including resistivity uniformity and strength, affect cell efficiency, breakage and module power.
At LONGi. LONGi's TaiRay wafers are made by an improved Recharge Czochralski (RCz) process; its datasheets list M11 TaiRay and TaiRay Inside wafers.
TaiRay is LONGi's brand of monocrystalline silicon wafer, made with an improved Recharge Czochralski (RCz) process that gives a more uniform resistance distribution. LONGi says TaiRay wafers are suitable for TOPCon, heterojunction and back contact cells and are about 16% more resistant to bending than conventional wafers.
At LONGi. TaiRay Inside wafers are used in LONGi's Hi-MO X6 Max, and TaiRay wafers in the Hi-MO X10 and Hi-MO 9 Ice-Shield.
Also known as: Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact
TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) is a solar cell design that places an ultra-thin tunnel oxide and a doped polysilicon layer on the rear of an n-type wafer to reduce recombination losses. It has the largest share of current mass-production cell capacity.
At LONGi. LONGi's published comparison tests set its back contact modules against TOPCon in shading, heat-stress and field-yield trials.
Also known as: HJT, HIT
A heterojunction (HJT) solar cell combines a crystalline silicon wafer with thin layers of amorphous silicon on both faces. This passivates the surface very well, giving high open-circuit voltage and good performance at high temperatures.
At LONGi. LONGi's HIBC cell fuses heterojunction passivation with a back contact layout.
Also known as: BC, interdigitated back contact
Back contact (BC) is a solar cell design in which all metal contacts are on the rear side, leaving the front surface free of metal grid lines. This reduces shading of the cell, improves light capture and gives a uniform, all-black appearance.
At LONGi. LONGi calls back contact the next mainstream PV technology and reports surpassing 60 GW of commercial BC deployment and 125% growth in BC module sales in H1 2026.
Also known as: Hybrid Passivated Back Contact 2.0
HPBC 2.0 (Hybrid Passivated Back Contact, second generation) is LONGi's back contact cell architecture. It places all contacts on the rear and uses a 'weak conduction' design that lets each cell manage its own current path, which limits power loss and heating under partial shading.
At LONGi. HPBC 2.0 underpins the Hi-MO X10 and the Hi-MO 9. LONGi reports that its HPBC 2.0 modules received TÜV SÜD certification for PID-p resistance in June 2025.
Also known as: Hybrid Interdigitated Back Contact, HBC, heterojunction back contact
HIBC (Hybrid Interdigitated Back Contact) is LONGi's back contact cell that combines heterojunction passivation with an interdigitated rear contact layout. LONGi previously called this technology HBC.
At LONGi. LONGi reports a 25.9% efficient, 700 W HIBC module with 259 W/m² power density (June 2025) and cell records of 27.30% (2024) and 28.13% (2026). The Hi-MO S10 uses HIBC.
A busbar is a metal strip on a solar cell that collects current from the thinner fingers and carries it to the cell interconnects. Back contact cells keep all busbars on the rear, and zero-busbar (0BB) designs remove front busbars altogether.
Also known as: 0BB
Zero busbar (0BB) is a cell and module design with no visible busbars on the front surface, which improves appearance and light capture and can reduce stress on cells. It is a feature of LONGi's back contact modules.
At LONGi. LONGi lists 0BB (zero busbar) alongside HPBC 2.0 and TaiRay wafers in the Hi-MO X10 technology stack.
Also known as: Half-cell
A half-cut cell module uses solar cells cut in half so each half carries half the current. This reduces resistive losses and heat and improves tolerance of partial shading when the module is split into independent halves.
Also known as: Double-sided module
A bifacial module generates electricity from both its front and rear faces, using light reflected from the ground or roof. Extra output, called bifacial gain, depends on the installation height, surface reflectance and tilt.
At LONGi. LONGi's Hi-MO X10 won the pv magazine Award 2025 for back contact bifacial innovation, with rear-side performance optimised to 75%.
Also known as: Bifacial factor, bifacial ratio
Bifaciality is the ratio of a bifacial module's rear-side power to its front-side power under standard test conditions, expressed as a percentage. A higher ratio means the rear face contributes more when rear irradiance is available.
At LONGi. LONGi's press describes a bifaciality of around 80% for the Hi-MO 7 and a rear-side performance of 75% for the Hi-MO X10.
Also known as: Silicon-perovskite tandem, tandem solar cell
A perovskite-silicon tandem cell stacks a perovskite top cell on a silicon bottom cell so each absorbs a different part of the solar spectrum. This can exceed the efficiency limit of a single-junction silicon cell; the theoretical limit is about 43%.
At LONGi. LONGi reports a 35.5% world-record efficiency for a crystalline silicon-perovskite tandem cell (July 2026) and has called tandem the next technology after back contact.
The Shockley–Queisser limit is the theoretical maximum efficiency of a single-junction solar cell, about 33.7% for an ideal bandgap and lower for silicon in practice. Tandem cells use more than one junction to go beyond it.
Cell efficiency is the share of incoming sunlight energy that a single solar cell converts to electricity under standard test conditions. Laboratory record cells reach higher efficiency than commercial module cells, and module efficiency is lower than cell efficiency because of gaps, frames and interconnects.
At LONGi. LONGi announced a 28.29% crystalline silicon cell efficiency record in September 2026.
Module efficiency is the percentage of sunlight falling on a module's full area that it converts to electricity at standard test conditions. It equals power in watts divided by area in square metres and by 1,000 W/m².
At LONGi. LONGi datasheet values for the Hi-MO X10 reach up to 24.8% module efficiency in the 72-cell, 640–670 W range.
Also known as: W/m²
Power density is a module's rated power per unit area, in watts per square metre. A higher figure means more power from the same roof or land area, which matters where space is limited.
At LONGi. LONGi reports 259 W/m² for its HIBC module and about 250 W/m² for the Hi-MO S10.
Also known as: STC
Standard test conditions (STC) are the reference conditions used to rate solar modules: 1,000 W/m² irradiance, 25°C cell temperature and an air mass 1.5 spectrum. A module's rated power is measured under STC and is higher than typical real-world output.
Also known as: Maximum power, rated power, Wp
Pmax, or maximum power, is the highest power a solar module can deliver at standard test conditions, measured in watts (W) or watt-peak (Wp). It is the headline power rating on a datasheet.
At LONGi. LONGi's Hi-MO modules are listed in power bins such as 640–670 W; each datasheet gives the full electrical table by bin.
Also known as: Voc
Open-circuit voltage (Voc) is the maximum voltage a solar module produces when no current flows, such as when disconnected. It rises as temperature falls, so system designers use it to size strings against inverter and system voltage limits.
Also known as: Isc
Short-circuit current (Isc) is the current a solar module produces when its terminals are shorted. It is proportional to irradiance and is used to size cables, fuses and protection.
Also known as: Temperature coefficient of Pmax
The temperature coefficient shows how much a module's power falls for each degree Celsius its cells rise above 25°C, for example -0.26%/°C for Pmax. A smaller magnitude means less power loss on hot days.
At LONGi. LONGi's Hi-MO X10 page lists a temperature coefficient of -0.26%/°C, and its datasheets list Pmax coefficients of -0.24 and -0.26%/°C.
Also known as: Annual degradation, degradation rate
Power degradation is the gradual loss of a module's output over time, usually highest in the first year and slower afterwards. Manufacturers state first-year and annual degradation rates and back them with a linear power warranty.
At LONGi. LONGi lists 1% first-year degradation and 88.85% power retained after 30 years for the Hi-MO X10.
A linear power warranty guarantees that a module will still deliver at least a stated percentage of its rated power at each year of its life, declining on a straight line. It is separate from the product (materials and workmanship) warranty.
At LONGi. LONGi's Hi-MO X10 and Hi-MO S10 are backed by 30-year product and power warranties.
Also known as: Materials and workmanship warranty
A product warranty, or materials and workmanship warranty, covers defects in a module's materials and manufacture for a set number of years. It is distinct from the linear power warranty, which covers output decline.
At LONGi. LONGi's Hi-MO X10 page lists a 30-year product and materials warranty.
Also known as: 1500 V DC
Maximum system voltage is the highest DC voltage a module and its insulation are rated to withstand in a PV system, typically 1,000 V or 1,500 V DC. It limits how many modules can be connected in series.
At LONGi. LONGi's fire-resistant Hi-MO X10 supports a 1,500 V DC system architecture.
The maximum series fuse rating is the largest overcurrent protection device that may be used in series with a module. It protects against reverse currents in parallel-connected strings.
At LONGi. LONGi's datasheets list series fuse ratings of 25 A, 30 A and 35 A depending on the model.
Also known as: Snow load, wind load, mechanical load
Static load is the sustained mechanical pressure a module can bear, such as from snow or wind, measured in pascals (Pa) on the front and rear faces. Module frames, glass and mounting method all affect the rating.
At LONGi. LONGi tests its Hi-MO X10 Guardian Light Design to 5,400 Pa on the front and 2,400 Pa on the rear.
Also known as: Dead load vs live load, roof load
Dead load is the permanent weight a structure must carry, such as roofing and installed solar panels. Live loads, such as snow, wind and maintenance staff, are temporary and added on top. Roof capacity limits how much dead load a solar system can add.
At LONGi. LONGi explains dead versus live load in rooftop solar planning and offers a lightweight module for low-load roofs.
Also known as: Hail resistance, VKF
A hail rating describes the largest hailstone a module can withstand without damage, based on impact tests. IEC type tests use 25 mm ice balls, and stricter classes such as the Swiss VKF hail classes (RG3 for 30 mm, RG4 for 40 mm) test larger stones.
At LONGi. LONGi's Hi-MO 9 Ice-Shield is built for hail regions and withstands hail impacts of up to 55 mm. Its datasheets list RG3 and RG4 hail resistance.
Also known as: IP68
A junction box is the sealed enclosure on the back of a module that houses bypass diodes and the cable connections. A rating such as IP68 means it is dust-tight and protected against continuous immersion.
At LONGi. LONGi's datasheets list IP68 junction boxes, some with three diodes.
A bypass diode lets current flow around a shaded or faulty section of a solar module, so one affected area does not block the whole string. It limits power loss and reduces the risk of hot spots.
Also known as: Shading loss
Partial shading occurs when part of a module or array is shaded by trees, chimneys, buildings, snow or dirt. In conventional modules a shaded cell can restrict current for a whole string and cause large power losses and heating.
At LONGi. LONGi's HPBC 2.0 and Shading Optimizer are designed to keep unshaded areas producing; it reports independent shading tests with lower power loss than a TOPCon reference.
Also known as: Hotspot
A hot spot is a small area of a solar module that overheats, usually because a shaded or damaged cell dissipates power instead of producing it. Severe hot spots accelerate material degradation and can raise fire risk.
At LONGi. In a TÜV Rheinland hot-spot endurance test, LONGi's HPBC 2.0 module ran up to 60°C cooler than a TOPCon reference, according to LONGi.
Also known as: Shading optimization technology
A shading optimizer is a cell-level design feature that bypasses only the shaded cells rather than a whole section of the module, limiting the wider electrical impact of shade so the unshaded area keeps producing power.
At LONGi. LONGi's Shading Optimizer is built into the HPBC 2.0 Hi-MO X10. LONGi states that it cuts shading power loss by about 70% compared with TOPCon.
Also known as: Potential-induced degradation
Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a loss of module power caused by high voltage between the cells and the frame, which drives leakage current and degrades cell performance. Modules are tested for PID resistance, and it is a recognised reliability risk.
Also known as: Polarisation-type PID
PID-p, or polarisation-type PID, is a power loss in some advanced cell designs, including back contact cells, caused by charge build-up on the cell surface. It can be partly reversible. Testing for it is an emerging focus of IEC and NREL work.
At LONGi. LONGi reports that its HPBC 2.0 modules received TÜV SÜD certification for PID-p resistance in June 2025.
Also known as: LID, LeTID
Light-induced degradation (LID) is a small, fast loss of power in the first hours of sunlight exposure, caused by defects in the silicon. N-type silicon avoids the boron-oxygen form of LID that affects p-type cells.
A microcrack is a tiny crack in a solar cell, often caused by handling, transport, installation or mechanical load. Microcracks can grow with thermal cycling and reduce power, so stronger wafers and gentler interconnection help.
At LONGi. LONGi says its TaiRay wafers are 16% stronger and that its one-line back contact welding reduces cell edge stress by 26 MPa.
IEC 61215 is the international standard for the design qualification and type approval of crystalline silicon PV modules. It tests modules through sequences such as thermal cycling, damp heat, mechanical load and hail, and is a baseline for bankable modules.
Also known as: UL 61730
IEC 61730 is the international standard for PV module safety. It sets requirements for construction and testing to protect against electric shock, fire and mechanical hazards, and it is paired with IEC 61215 for module approval. UL 61730 is the equivalent North American listing.
At LONGi. LONGi certifies its modules to IEC 61730 and UL 61730.
Also known as: Fire rating, BROOF(t)
A module fire class rates how a PV module behaves in a standard fire test, usually the spread of flame across its surface. Class A is the highest rating, and Europe may also reference BROOF(t) roof-fire classes.
At LONGi. LONGi's Hi-MO X10 Fire-Resistant module is Class A fire-rated, with fire-resistant glass and reinforced junction boxes. Datasheets also carry EU fire class and BROOF fields where applicable.
TÜV Rheinland is an international testing, inspection and certification body. In solar it provides module quality tests, certification and independent awards such as the 'All Quality Matters' recognition.
At LONGi. LONGi signed a strategic agreement with TÜV Rheinland to advance back contact quality and standards, and its back contact modules have won several TÜV Rheinland awards.
Also known as: Solar glare
Glare is unwanted reflected sunlight that can dazzle pilots, drivers or residents. Projects near airports, railways, roads or hospital helipads may need an independent glare assessment, and low-reflectivity module glass reduces the risk.
At LONGi. LONGi's Anti-Glare Pro is verified by TÜV with an AAA classification and 0.9% reflectivity.
Reflectivity is the share of incident sunlight that a module's front surface reflects rather than absorbs. Micro-structured or coated glass lowers reflectivity, which reduces glare and lets more light reach the cells.
At LONGi. LONGi's Anti-Glare Pro reports 0.9% reflectivity, verified by TÜV.
Hi-MO X10 is LONGi's flagship back contact module series, built on HPBC 2.0 with zero-busbar design, a Shading Optimizer and TaiRay wafers. It is offered in variants for homes and for commercial and industrial roofs, including Anti-Glare, Anti-Dust, Fire-Resistant, Light Design and transparent designs.
At LONGi. The Hi-MO X10 page lists 30-year product and power warranties, 1% first-year degradation and a temperature coefficient of -0.26%/°C. Launched in December 2024.
Also known as: Light Design
Hi-MO X10 Guardian Light Design is LONGi's lightweight back contact module for commercial and industrial roofs with strict load limits. At 7.2 kg/m² it is about 30% lighter than conventional single-glass TOPCon panels while keeping full mechanical load strength.
At LONGi. It won a TÜV Rheinland Excellence Award and is tested to 5,400 Pa on the front and 2,400 Pa on the rear.
A light design module is a lightweight crystalline silicon solar panel built for roofs that cannot carry the weight of standard glass-glass or glass-backsheet modules. It offers an alternative to flexible modules, which can fatigue with movement.
At LONGi. LONGi's Hi-MO X10 Guardian Light Design is its lightweight module for low-load C&I roofs.
Also known as: Anti-Glare Pro
Hi-MO X10 Anti-Glare is LONGi's back contact module with micro-structured, low-reflectivity glass for projects near airports, railways, roads or buildings where glare can affect approval. The Anti-Glare Pro variant adds a TÜV-verified AAA classification and 0.9% reflectivity.
At LONGi. Used in a 1.2 MWp installation next to a hospital heliport and a Swiss railway façade project.
Also known as: Anti-Dust
Hi-MO X10 Anti-Dust is LONGi's back contact module with a patented frame design that reduces dust build-up at the lower edge, supporting energy yield in dusty or low-tilt installations.
At LONGi. Its datasheet states the exclusive anti-dust frame reduces the impact of dust accumulation throughout the module's life.
Soiling is the build-up of dust, dirt, pollen or bird droppings on module glass that blocks sunlight and lowers energy output. It is most significant in arid, dusty or low-tilt installations and is managed by cleaning or by frame and glass design.
Hi-MO X10 Fire-Resistant is LONGi's Class A fire-rated back contact module for safety-critical commercial and industrial sites, using fire-resistant glass and reinforced junction boxes to suppress ignition and limit fire spread.
At LONGi. LONGi is positioning it with Hi-MO ONE Pro storage for data centres in Spain.
Also known as: Transparent Design
A transparent back-glass module is a bifacial solar module with clear rear glass, which lets some light through. It suits carports, canopies and façades where light transmission and aesthetics matter.
At LONGi. LONGi introduced a transparent back contact module in the Hi-MO X10 range with a near-all-black, busbar-free front and a transparent back glass.
Hi-MO 9 is LONGi's utility-scale back contact module series, built on HPBC 2.0. It targets large ground-mounted projects with a focus on land efficiency, low and diffuse light performance and lifecycle yield.
At LONGi. Hi-MO 9 variants include Sea-Shield, Ice-Shield, Edge and HydroClear. The Hi-MO 9 Prime, launched in June 2026, offers up to 680 W and 25.2% efficiency.
Also known as: Sea-Shield
Hi-MO 9 Sea-Shield is LONGi's back contact module engineered for corrosive offshore and marine environments, with enhanced resistance to corrosion, salt spray and water ingress.
At LONGi. Over 500 LONGi Sea-Shield modules were installed on a 200-metre cargo ship in China.
Hi-MO 7 is a series of LONGi bifacial modules designed for large ground-mounted solar plants, aimed at high efficiency and durability in extreme heat and weather.
At LONGi. LONGi supplies Hi-MO 7 to projects including a 362 MW plant in Algeria and a 300 MW portfolio in Romania.
Hi-MO S10 is LONGi's residential back contact module using HIBC cell technology, with 25% module efficiency and a 30-year product and power warranty. It is sold as EcoLife Pro.
At LONGi. Launched at Intersolar Europe 2025.
Hi-MO X6 Max is LONGi's HPBC back contact series with a rectangular M11 wafer using TaiRay Inside technology. It is offered in the Explorer, Scientist, Guardian and Artist variants.
At LONGi. LONGi cites 1% first-year degradation and a -0.28%/°C temperature coefficient for the series; the Scientist 72-cell version reaches 23.3% module efficiency.
EcoLife is LONGi's premium solar series for homes, combining high-efficiency back contact modules with a refined all-black look and long warranties. It includes the Hi-MO X10 and the Hi-MO S10 (EcoLife Pro).
At LONGi. EcoLife won the German Excellence Award 2026.
Guardian, Artist, Explorer and Scientist are LONGi's four product series within the Hi-MO X10 and X6 Max families. LONGi positions them as Guardian for durability, Artist for elegance, Explorer for profitable, reliable and attractive systems, and Scientist for ultimate efficiency and power.
Hi-MO ONE Pro is LONGi's modular commercial and industrial energy storage platform. It provides 261 kWh with a choice of 125 kW or 250 kW power conversion and a cabinet architecture that lets capacity expand in phases.
At LONGi. Part of the LONGi ONE storage portfolio, with predictive cell-level safety monitoring. It won the EUPD Top Innovation Award 2026.
LONGi ONE is LONGi's full-stack energy storage portfolio, introduced at Intersolar Europe 2026. It brings together battery energy storage products, including Hi-MO ONE Pro, with predictive safety technology.
LONGi BLOCK is a mobile solar power station that delivers electricity at remote or temporary locations, including construction sites, mining, agriculture and emergency response, without lengthy permitting or permanent civil works. It deploys up to 239.2 kW within four hours.
At LONGi. LONGi BLOCK is available in two configurations.
Also known as: Global Solar Engine
LONGi GSE, short for Global Solar Engine, is LONGi's solar asset lifecycle management offering for utility-scale plants. It combines services and AI platforms for design (GSE Pioneer), installation robots and data-driven O&M (GSE Challenger).
At LONGi. Design optimisation raised IRR by an average of 0.3%, and the Challenger platform guided an average 3% production increase, according to LONGi.
Also known as: BESS, battery storage
A battery energy storage system (BESS) stores electricity in batteries so it can be used later, supplying power when solar output is low or grid prices are high. BESS supports self-consumption, backup power, peak shaving and grid services.
At LONGi. LONGi entered the energy storage market in November 2025 and was named a Tier 1 energy storage manufacturer by BloombergNEF.
Thermal runaway is a self-accelerating overheating in a battery cell that can spread to neighbouring cells and cause fire. Safe storage design detects early warning signs at cell level and isolates faults before they spread.
At LONGi. LONGi's storage portfolio uses predictive cell-level safety monitoring to detect early signs of thermal runaway.
Also known as: Solar and storage, PV plus storage
Solar-plus-storage pairs a solar PV system with batteries so that solar output can be stored and used when needed. It addresses mismatches between generation and demand and can make solar a dispatchable source of power.
At LONGi. LONGi is moving from module supplier to integrated solar and storage provider, including its acquisition of PotisEdge.
Self-consumption is the share of a solar system's output that the owner uses on site instead of exporting to the grid. Batteries and flexible loads raise self-consumption and the financial value of solar.
A microgrid is a local energy system, with its own generation, storage and controls, that can operate connected to the main grid or independently. It improves resilience for islands, industrial sites and remote locations.
Also known as: Commercial and industrial solar
C&I solar, or commercial and industrial solar, covers rooftop and ground-mounted PV systems on businesses, factories, warehouses and public buildings. Projects are typically sized from tens of kilowatts to several megawatts and aim to cut energy cost and carbon.
At LONGi. LONGi offers the Hi-MO X10 variants and storage products for C&I projects.
Also known as: Solar farm, solar park
Utility-scale solar refers to large ground-mounted PV plants, usually tens or hundreds of megawatts, that sell electricity to the grid or under long-term contracts. Developers focus on lowest levelised cost of electricity.
At LONGi. LONGi's Hi-MO 9 and Hi-MO 7 are its utility-scale module series.
Distributed generation is electricity produced close to where it is used, such as rooftop solar on homes and businesses, rather than at a large central plant. It reduces transmission losses and can improve local resilience.
At LONGi. LONGi announced its Distributed Generation sales results at Intersolar Europe in 2025 and 2026.
Also known as: Building-integrated photovoltaics
BIPV, or building-integrated photovoltaics, means solar modules that form part of a building's envelope, such as roofs, façades or glazing, and replace conventional building materials as well as generating electricity.
At LONGi. LONGi's blog explains why Europe is becoming a centre for BIPV.
Also known as: Vehicle-integrated photovoltaics
VIPV, or vehicle-integrated photovoltaics, means solar cells built into vehicles such as cars, ships and race cars to generate power for propulsion or onboard systems.
At LONGi. LONGi and Innoptus unveiled the Infinite Apollo solar race car with BC cells, and LONGi supplied modules for a 200 m cargo ship.
Also known as: Floating solar, offshore PV
Offshore solar means PV installed on water or at sea, on floating or fixed structures or vessels. It demands modules resistant to salt, humidity and mechanical movement.
At LONGi. LONGi has secured a 400 MW contract for back contact modules in offshore PV.
Repowering replaces older solar modules or equipment in an existing plant with newer, more efficient ones to raise output on the same site and grid connection.
At LONGi. LONGi and EUPD partnered on repowering and workforce development initiatives in Germany.
Reverse current snow removal applies a controlled current to PV modules so they warm slightly and melt snow without manual cleaning. It can restore winter output in cold regions.
At LONGi. LONGi and ATMOCE partnered to test reverse current technology for automated snow removal on solar systems.
Also known as: kWp, MWp
Kilowatt-peak (kWp) is the rated power of a solar system under standard test conditions: the sum of its modules' Pmax. It describes size, not energy; a 1 kWp system produces a number of kilowatt-hours a year that depends on location and orientation.
Also known as: Energy yield, kWh/kWp
Specific yield is the annual energy a PV system produces per kilowatt-peak installed, measured in kWh/kWp. It lets projects of different sizes be compared and is used to evaluate technology in field tests.
At LONGi. LONGi reports several field tests comparing the specific yield of back contact and TOPCon modules at named sites.
Also known as: Levelised cost of electricity
Levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) is the lifetime cost of building and running a power plant divided by the lifetime energy it produces. A lower LCOE means cheaper electricity, and higher yield or lower degradation can offset a higher module price.
At LONGi. Independent studies cited by LONGi found the Hi-MO 9 at 3.9–4.5% lower LCOE than TOPCon in one study and 2.3–3.6% lower in tests at four European sites.
Also known as: Power purchase agreement
A power purchase agreement (PPA) is a long-term contract under which a buyer agrees to purchase electricity from a generator, often a solar or wind plant, at an agreed price. PPAs support project financing.
Bankability is the degree to which lenders and investors consider a solar module or manufacturer a low financial risk, based on factors such as financial strength, independent testing, track record, warranty and reputation. Bankable products are easier to finance.
At LONGi. LONGi reports AAA status in PV ModuleTech's bankability ranking for 26 consecutive quarters, and ESG evidence is also part of project bankability.
The PV ModuleTech Bankability Ratings are quarterly independent assessments that grade PV module manufacturers, with AAA the highest grade, on financial and technical factors. Lenders and developers use them in due diligence.
At LONGi. LONGi maintained AAA status for the 26th consecutive quarter in Q2 2026.
BloombergNEF's Tier 1 list identifies PV module and energy-storage manufacturers whose products have been financed by non-recourse lenders in recent projects. It is used as a bankability indicator, but it does not rate quality.
At LONGi. LONGi maintained Tier 1 status for PV modules in Q3 2026 and was named a Tier 1 storage manufacturer for the ninth consecutive quarter.
Also known as: PVEL Top Performer
The Kiwa PVEL PV Module Reliability Scorecard reports results of accelerated reliability tests such as thermal cycling, damp heat, mechanical stress and PID, and names Top Performers among manufacturers.
At LONGi. LONGi was named a Kiwa PVEL Top Performer for the eighth time.
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